Innovative techniques for the evaluation and optimization of sustainable feeds in poultry nutrition: a critical integrative review of advanced analytical approaches, omics, and artificial intelligence

Sustainable poultry nutrition is increasingly challenged by feed variability, environmental constraints, resource competition, and the growing demand for precision feeding strategies. Conventional feed evaluation systems based on proximate analysis, static nutrient tables, and empirical formulation are often insufficient to predict the biological and functional value of modern sustainable feed resources. This critical integrative review examines
emerging approaches for evaluating and optimizing sustainable feeds in poultry nutrition through the integration of advanced analytical technologies, biological validation systems, omics sciences, and artificial intelligence (AI). This review was developed as a structured narrative review following a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-inspired workflow and organized around an integrated AI–omics–feed evaluation framework. Recent advances in spectroscopy-based analytical techniques, in vitro digestibility systems, microbiomics, metabolomics, nutrigenomics, machine learning, and predictive modeling are discussed in relation to feed characterization, nutrient utilization, host–microbiota interactions, and precision nutrition, with emphasis on the transition from static compositional assessment toward dynamic, system-oriented feed
evaluation. Explainability, biological validation, and generalizability of AI-based models across heterogeneous production systems are highlighted as key challenges for practical implementation, alongside emerging frontiers in AI-driven nutritional decision-support. Integrating analytical, biological, molecular, and computational approaches may support adaptive precision nutrition systems capable of improving nutrient efficiency, reducing
environmental emissions, and optimizing sustainable poultry production.