HMGB-1 and TGFβ-1 highlight immuno-inflammatory and fibrotic processes before proteinuria onset in pediatric patients with Alport syndrome

Alport syndrome (ALP) is a rare genetic condition characterized by progressive involvement of the basal membranes and renal dysfunction. The purpose of the study was to evaluate urinary (u) and serum (s) levels of tumor growth factor (TGF)-beta(β) and high mobility group box (HMGB)-1 in ALP patients with normal renal function, albuminuria and proteinuria.