Cellular signaling pathways activated by functional graphene nanomaterials

The paper reviews the network of cellular signaling pathways activated by Functional Graphene Nanomaterials (FGN) designed as a platform for multi-targeted therapy or scaffold in tissue engineering. Cells communicate with each other through a molecular device called signalosome. It is a transient co-cluster of signal transducers and transmembrane receptors activated following the binding of transmembrane receptors to extracellular signals. Signalosomes are thus efficient and sensitive signal-responding devices that amplify incoming signals and convert them into robust responses that can be relayed from the plasma membrane to the nucleus or other target sites within the cell. The review describes the state-of-the-art biomedical applications of FGN focusing the attention on the cell/FGN interactions and signalosome activation.